The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict entered a new phase after Azerbaijan’s military offensive in September 2023, which resulted in the dissolution of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh and the mass exodus of ethnic Armenians. Following a 24-hour operation that overwhelmed Armenian defences, Azerbaijan regained full control over the disputed territory, ending three decades of separatist rule. The aftermath saw over 100,000 ethnic Armenians flee to Armenia, fearing persecution, despite Azerbaijan’s assurances of safety and integration. The lightning offensive and subsequent displacement drew international criticism, with Armenia accusing Azerbaijan of ethnic cleansing-a claim Baku denies. Russia’s peacekeeping forces, deployed after the 2020 war, played a limited role, reflecting Moscow’s declining influence in the region. Azerbaijan has since moved to integrate Nagorno-Karabakh, offering amnesty to former separatist fighters and pledging infrastructure investments. However, tensions persist, with Armenia seeking international guarantees for the rights of remaining Armenians. The conflict’s resolution remains fragile, with border skirmishes continuing between Armenia and Azerbaijan. The 2023 events mark a geopolitical shift, strengthening Azerbaijan’s position with Turkish backing, while Armenia has sought closer ties with the West. The long-term stability of the region depends on whether Azerbaijan can ensure minority protections and whether Armenia accepts the new territorial reality. “Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Post-2023” analyzes the geopolitical shifts, humanitarian impact, and diplomatic efforts following the renewed tensions and territorial changes in the region.