China’s unilateral approach to developing cross-border rivers has raised serious concerns among its neighboring countries, particularly India. As the source of major transboundary rivers like the Brahmaputra (Yarlung Tsangpo), Mekong, and Salween, China holds a geographical advantage that it has leveraged to construct large-scale hydroelectric projects and water diversion systems. While such developments are framed as domestic infrastructure growth, the absence of transparent communication and formal water-sharing agreements with downstream nations often leads to mistrust and geopolitical tension. India, as a lower riparian state, has expressed repeated apprehensions about China’s activities, especially in the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra. The construction of dams and hydropower projects on this river could significantly alter water flow patterns, affecting agriculture, livelihoods, and ecological balance downstream. As climate change intensifies water scarcity and glacial melt accelerates, the need for collaborative, science-based, and legally binding frameworks for managing transboundary rivers becomes more urgent than ever to ensure regional stability, environmental protection, and equitable resource distribution. This book explores China’s unilateral development of cross-border rivers and its implications for regional stability, environmental sustainability, and international water diplomacy.